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Magamine peale pikka lendu3/5/2023 ![]() The rhythmic variation, created by different positioning of stressed syllables in the song line, reveals itself on two levels, in linguistic verse structure and in musical performance. The analysed group of ritual songs is part of the Seto singing culture – a subtradition of Finnic oral trochaic tetrameter. The article explores the individual differences of rhythmic variation in traditional sung oral poetry. © 2017, FB and Media Group of Estonian Literary Museum. The various hybrid uses indicate that – contrary to the later scholarly views – the early modern writers did not conceive the old oral form as a conclusively pagan metre that should be strictly avoided. In this article, it is understood as an intentional, hybrid form of rhymed couplets and Kalevala-metre. Later scholars have often interpreted this learned, literary form as a misunderstanding of traditional oral poetics. ![]() At the same time, the clergymen and scholars also created a rhymed, heavily alliterated and trochaic genre of literary poems, which was apparently conceived as a version of the oral Finnish poetic form. In Lutheran hymns, the features of traditional oral poetry were first avoided, but, from the 1580s onwards, alliteration and some other features were incorporated into rhymed, iambic stanzas. The material demonstrates that the elites had knowledge of oral poetics that they both avoided and applied in various ways. Ambiguity and the hybrid character of poems means the contemporary audiences may have interpreted individual poems as relating to several poetic traditions. Both the first written examples of traditional Finnic oral poetry (in so-called Kalevala-metre with no rhymes or stanza structures) and the first rhymed and stanzaic poems originate from this very same period, often in various hybrid forms. This article examines the blurred boundaries between different oral and literary poetics in early modern Finland. The present review and discussion may thus offer food for thought to scholars working with other traditions where the choice of terms is also problematic. Research on early Germanic poetries, for example, faces similar issues when referring collectively to the historically related Old English, Old High German, Old Norse and Old Saxon poetic forms – although the research discourse has at least developed vocabulary for it.1 Although the present discussion concerns Finnic poetries, many of the problems addressed have more general relevance, at least by analogy, such as the burdening of terminology with links to nationalism, the inconsistency of terms across languages, and the ways that terms may foreground certain aspects of a poetic form while marginalizing others. These issues are not exclusive to Finnic traditions. Each is also burdened with its own associations or connotations that in some cases are seen as quite controversial. The different terms are sometimes inconsistent, especially across different languages, contexts, approaches or even genres of poetry addressed. Several partly overlapping terms are in current use. ![]() However, Goyvaerts (1988) had described these as creaky-voiced implosives /ɓ̰ ɗ̰ ɠ̰/, as in Hausa, contrasting with a series of modally voiced implosives /ɓ ɗ ɠ/ as in Kalabari, and Ladefoged judges that this seems to be a more accurate description.When writing about traditional Finnic (also called Balto-Finnic) oral poetry, everyone who is embedded in its long history of research encounters the same problem of what term to use for it. A draft listing of Nilo-Saharan languages, available from his website and dated 2012, lists Lendu/Badha.ĭemolin (1995) posits that Lendu has voiceless implosives, /ɓ̥ ɗ̥ ɠ̊/ ( /ƥ ƭ ƙ/). īesides the Balendru, Lendu is spoken as a native language by a portion of the Hema, Alur, and Okebu.Įthnologue gives Bbadha as an alternate name of Lendu, but Blench (2000) lists Badha as a distinct language. A conflict between the Lendu was the basis of the Ituri conflict. There are three-quarters of a million Lendu speakers in the DRC. It is one of the most populous of the Central Sudanic languages. The Lendu language is a Central Sudanic language spoken by the Balendru, an ethno-linguistic agriculturalist group residing in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo in the area west and northwest of Lake Albert, specifically the Ituri Region of Orientale Province. ![]()
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